'Yancin waƙa

Cikakkiyar rokar foton: duk man yana zama haske, ana fitar da shi a dunƙulen haske da aka tattara zuwa baya, ba tare da asara ko kaɗan ba. Babu irin wannan injin; babu tankuna, na'urorin sanyaya ko ajiya. Ko haɗuwar matter da antimatter da ke halaka juna tana rasa babban kaso na kuzarinta ga abubuwan da ba za a iya tattara su a dunƙule ba, kuma duk irin wannan asara tana ninka yawan abu na lokacin tashi sau da yawa.

Jirgin yana ratsa matsakaicin da ke tsakanin taurari kamar ba ya taɓa shi. A wannan gudu, iskar gas da ke tsakanin taurari tana isa gaban jirgi kamar dunƙulen proton masu kuzari mai yawan gaske — a juyawar injuna, 3.4 TeV kowanne, kuma kwararar tana ƙaruwa da murabba'in γ. Allon bayanai yana lissafa abin da ke bugun garkuwa kuma yana ɗauka cewa akwai garkuwar da za ta iya jurewa; babu abin da ke lalacewa, babu mai yin rashin lafiya. Semyonov (2009, 2020) ya ƙiyasta cewa gas ɗin da ake karɓa shi ne haskoki mafi ƙarfi a tafiya bisa ka'idar dangantaka, kuma yana buƙatar kariya wadda wannan samfurin ba shi da ita.

Samfurin yana amfani da yawan gas guda ɗaya ga dukan tafiyar, atom 0.1 a kowace cm³ (na Kumfar Kusa, inda Rana take); kusa da Rana da cikin ramin M16 gas ɗin ya fi yawa.

g ɗaya mara sauyi na tsawon shekaru goma sha bakwai na lokacin jirgi, juyawar injuna nan take a rabin hanya kuma, lokacin rage gudu, injunan gaba da ke riƙe ɗakin jirgi yana fuskantar inda za a je. Ainihin roka zai juya dukan jirgin, tare da mintuna ba tare da nauyi ba. Babu tsarin kiyaye rayuwa, babu abinci, babu kuma sakamakon shekaru goma sha bakwai a cikin jirgi.

Sansanin bakin teku na ƙage ne, da gine-gine da ƙasa da aka ƙirƙira don wannan fage. Gaɓar teku da kogin da ke kusa an samar da su ta hanyar lissafi (procedural), ba binciken wani wuri na gaske ba; latitude na sansanin shi ne declination na M16 (−13.9°) kuma longitude na gani a kafe yake, don sansanin ya kasance ƙarƙashin jirgi. Gajimare sun haɗa hoton tarihi na NASA da cikakkun bayanai da aka samar, kuma ba sa wakiltar yanayin ranar tashi. Sararin sama yana yin duhu tsakanin 50 da 100 km bisa zaɓin gani.

Jirgin yana hawa a tsaye, tun farko yana nufar M16 — kamar nebula ɗin tana tsakiyar sama (zenith) a kan sansanin a lokacin tashi. Ba haka take ba: da tsakar rana ta 19 ga Oktoba 2026, M16 tana kimanin 30° sama da bakin sararin sama a wannan longitude.

Jirgin yana barin ƙasa a layi madaidaici, da turawar 1.1 g — 0.1 g tsantsa a mintunan farko — kuma yana sauyawa zuwa 1 g mara sauyi a tsayin 311 km, ba tare da iska, jan baya, ɗumamawa, juyawar Duniya, falakin jira ko nauyin Rana ba. Babu wani abin hawa na gaske da ke tashi haka. Tashi daga falaki na 400 km zai canza mintuna 41 na lokacin jirgi da 0.008% na mai.

Hanyar layi ne madaidaici daga Duniya zuwa wani wuri da aka zaɓa a gaban Ginshiƙai. Babu abin da ke kan hanya da ke karkatar da jirgin ko canza gudunsa: babu taimakon nauyi (gravity assist), kuma duniyoyin da ake wucewa kusa da su kayan ado ne na fage, ba yawan abu ba. Jirgin yana isa a tsaye dangane da Duniya, kuma samfurin bai ba M16 wani gudu ko kaɗan ba — Rana da tarin taurarin suna kewayawa tare da Damin Taurari kuma suna motsi dangane da juna, amma inda ake nufa yana tsaye a inda hotuna suka sa shi.

Kwaikwayon yana ɗaukar shekarun haske 7,000 zuwa tsakiyar M16, ƙimar gargajiya ta littattafai, kuma kowane girman nebula kusurwa ce da aka auna sau wannan nisa. Parallax daga aikin Gaia (Kuhn et al. 2019) suna sa tarin taurari NGC 6611 a parsec 1,740 ± 130, kimanin shekarun haske 5,700 ± 400.

Shimfiɗar Ginshiƙai tana shekarun haske 8 kafin tsakiyar M16 da aka ɗauka (ƙimar zane), kuma jirgin yana tsayawa shekarun haske 7 kafin wannan shimfiɗa, da gudu sifili kuma man ya ƙare daidai. An zaɓi wurin bisa zane: daga shekarun haske 6.9 daga fuska mafi kusa, Ginshiƙai masu tsayin shekarun haske 8.6 ba sa shiga gilashin gaba gaba ɗaya.

Saman Duniya taswirar Blue Marble ce ta NASA, haɗin hotuna na Janairu 2004, ba tare da yanayi, lokutan shekara ko fitilun birane ba. Duniyar da ake nunawa ba ta juyawa: meridian da layin dare da rana (terminator) suna nan yadda suke a lokacin tashi, don sansanin ya kasance ƙarƙashin jirgi — cikin awa shida, kafin ta fita daga hoto, ainihin Duniya za ta juya kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na zagaye.

Don jinkirin sigina, Duniya tana tsaye a wurin tashi: falakinta, mai radius na mintunan haske takwas, ba ya shiga lissafin. Babu ainihin sadarwa: babu mai watsawa, babu mai amsawa, kuma rediyon jirgi ƙage ne. Kalandar jirgi tana amfani da shekaru na kwana 365.25 da watanni na kashi ɗaya cikin goma sha biyu na shekara, a lokacin Brasília.

Sararin sama yana da taurari 299,858 da ke cikin kundin bayanai — 109,400 daga HYG da 190,458 daga rarrabawar Gaia EDR3/Hipparcos/Tycho ta Celestia. Ainihin sararin sama yana da biliyoyi; masu dusashe da na nesa ba su nan, kuma kusa da M16, a cikin faifan damin taurari mai cunkoso, waɗanda aberration zai kawo cikin taga ma ba su nan. Kowane tauraro yana haskakawa kamar baƙin jiki a yanayin zafinsa, wanda aka ƙiyasta daga launinsa (HYG) ko ajin bakansa (ƙari): babu layukan bakan, kuma tauraro mai sanyi da aka gani da sauyawa zuwa shuɗi yana ɗan bambanta da na gaske. Taurari 190,000 na ƙarin suna tsaye cak, ba tare da motsinsu na kansu ba. Babu ƙyalƙyali, hasken zodiacal ko ruwan tabarau na nauyi (gravitational lensing); Mercury da Venus suna nan ne kawai a matsayin alamomi.

Taga tana aiki kamar kyamara mai haskawa (exposure) mara sauyi, wadda aka zaɓa sau ɗaya ga dukan tafiyar kuma ɗaya ce a kyamarar baya. A tsaye tana nuna taurari har zuwa magnitude 8, kimanin ninki biyar fiye da ido tsirara a ƙarƙashin sararin sama mai duhu; ba ta taɓa daidaitawa, ba ta taɓa ɗimautar da ido, ba ta taɓa yin walƙiya. Allon kwamfuta ma ba zai iya sake samar da zangon ƙarfin hasken da zai isa ainihin taga ba: hasken baya na sararin samaniya a juyawar injuna zai cika kowane allo.

Dushewar haske saboda ƙura ta fito daga samfurin faifan damin taurari mai santsi (magnitude 0.55 a kowace shekarun haske dubu a cikin shimfiɗar faifan, tsayin ma'auni na shekarun haske 330), ba daga taswirar kowane gajimare da aka lura da shi ba: tambayoyin da aka aika wa taswirar Bayestar mai girma uku ba su sami amsa ba. Hasken Milky Way da ya bazu samfurin faifai ne mai bakan 5,000 K; Gajimaren Magellan, Andromeda da M33 gajimare ne na ƙwayoyi barkatai masu kamannin siffarsu.

Daga hasken baya na microwave na sararin samaniya, monopole da dipole na motsi ne kawai aka saka: babu taswirar bambance-bambancen farko (anisotropies, kusan 10⁻⁵), babu sauyin sararin halitta yayin tafiyar, babu kuma watsuwa ta matsakaicin da ke tsakani. Ana lissafa tabon da ake gani ne kawai idan yanayin zafi na ƙoli ya wuce 300 K. A kan allo haskawar nan mara sauyi ɗaya ce ke aiki: a juyawar injuna, da 19,652 K a gaban jirgi da 217 W/m², tsakiyar tana cika ta zama fari.

Siffar Ginshiƙai da ta nebula da ke kewaye ta fito daga hotuna biyu na jama'a — ESO0926a, mai faɗin fage, da Hubble heic1501a, na Ginshiƙai — da aka daidaita da wuraren taurari da aka auna; zurfin ya fito daga ragar abin dubawa don bugun 3D (NASA/STScI), wadda aka daidaita girmanta da inuwar siffar, da kuma daga zato: hasken gas a cikin faranti shekarun haske 15 bayan shimfiɗar Ginshiƙai, taurarin tarin a cikin shimfiɗa ɗaya shekarun haske 3.2 a bayanta, ƙawata hotuna don jama'a da aka warware ta dokar power mai exponent 2.4. Spectroscopy yana taƙaita gudu, yawan gas da tsarin Ginshiƙai dangane da juna, amma ba girman sararin da aka ɗauka a nan ba.

Hasken yana amfani da tsarin taurari takwas na NGC 6611 — takwas daga cikin kimanin taurari ɗari biyar na tarin. Hasken gas yana amfani da rabon layukan gani goma sha biyar da MUSE ya lura da su a wuri ɗaya na nebula, ba taswira ba; an ɗaure haskensa na ainihi da ma'aunin fitar haske guda ɗaya (emission measure), ƙima mai yiwuwa a ɓangaren sama. Ma'aunin haske, watsuwa da zurfin yadudduka zato ne, kuma babu ultraviolet ko infrared.

Kwaikwayon yana nuna Ginshiƙan hotunan — hasken da ya bar su kimanin shekaru 7,000 kafin a ɗauki hotonsa. Jirgin yana isa kimanin shekaru 7,000 bayan tashi, a lokacin Duniya, kuma yana ganin hasken da aka fitar shekaru bakwai kafin haka: tsakanin hasken da ke cikin hotuna da wanda ke isa jirgin akwai kimanin shekaru 14,000, kuma ainihin Ginshiƙan wannan rana ba na hotunan ba ne. Bisa saurin ƙafewa da aka auna da MUSE (McLeod et al. 2015: kimanin gas mai yawan abu na Rana 70 a kowace shekara miliyan, tsawon rai na kimanin shekara miliyan uku), shekaru dubu goma sha huɗu ba sa canza siffar gaba ɗaya sosai; shawarar 2007 cewa wata supernova ta riga ta rushe su har yanzu ba a tabbatar da ita ba.

Wata, Mars, Ceres, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune da Pluto an sanya su a inda jirgin ke ratsa radius na kowane falaki, a ɓangarori masu musanyawa, a radius 1.5 daga tsakiya, don a samar da wucewa ta kusa. Babu wani daidaituwar layi na gaske da zai yi haka: a layi madaidaici zuwa M16 jirgin ba zai wuce kusa da ko ɗaya daga cikinsu ba. Hasken yana fitowa daga wata alƙibla mara sauyi, ba daga Rana ba, don haka yanayin hasken da kuke gani (phase) ba na gaske ba ne, kuma babu sauyin launi na Doppler a duniyoyin. Wasu taswirori suna da cike-ciken wuraren da ba a lura da su ba, Ceres yana amfani da fatar ƙage, watannin Jupiter suna a wurare marasa sauyi, Charon ya fi kusa da Pluto da kimanin 20% fiye da na gaske, kuma zoben duwatsun sarari duwatsu ashirin ne.

Zobban Saturn abu ne da aka ƙirƙira ta lissafi, da zangunan C, B da A, Rabuwar Cassini da Tazarar Encke kusa da ainihin radius ɗinsu. A Uranus, zangunan bakwai, faɗinsu da tazarar da jirgin ke ratsawa zaɓin silima ne: ainihin zobban suna da faɗin km 1 zuwa 10 (ε, har zuwa km 100), kuma zangunan da ke cikin fage suna da faɗin kilomita ɗaruruwa.

Wani yanki na fage na awa 24 na lokacin jirgi yana farawa a AU 2,000 daga Rana, a rana ta 90: rukunai tara na jikuna uku masu ƙanƙara, masu faɗin km 35 zuwa 125, da fata irin ta Wata, suna wucewa har kusa da km 4,500 daga jirgin. Girma, wurare, haske da yawan aukuwa zaɓuɓɓuka ne na fage, kuma jikunan ba sa samun launi da hasken Doppler waɗanda, a kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na saurin haske, za su riga su kusan ninka haskensu sau uku. Ainihin gajimaren an yi hasashensa ne, ba a taɓa lura da shi ba; jikunansa da suka fi km 1 suna nesa da juna da AU goma-goma, kuma damar wucewa cikin km 10,000 daga ɗaya daga cikinsu cikin awa 24 kusan sifili ce. "Bango" na zaren gajimare a shekarun haske 300, a gefen Kumfar Kusa, wani wakilci ne na fasaha: ainihin kumfar iskar gas ce mai zafi, ba a ganinta da hasken gani, ba ta da gefe mai kaifi.

Ɗakin jirgi hoto ɗaya ne kawai, da kayan aikin samar da hoto ya samar, tare da yadudduka na haske da aka lissafa a samansa. Ainihin ɗakin jirgi yana da girma uku, yana jijjiga, yana da sauti da nauyi; wannan ba shi da ko ɗaya daga cikin huɗun. Allunan bayanai kayan aunawa ne da aka ƙirƙira don wannan tafiya, da awo da ke canza ma'auni don allurar kada ta taɓa tsayawa.

Babu daidaitawar idanu ko amsar gani ta kowane mutum: taga kyamara ce mara sauyi, kuma launukan bakan taurari (starbow) da na hasken baya na sararin samaniya su ne waɗanda wannan kyamara za ta ɗauka, ba lallai abin da mutum zai gani ba bayan mintuna a cikin duhu ko da allon bayanai a kunne. Ba a saka nunin abubuwa a gilashi (reflections), wucewar haske ta gilashi da daidaita ma'aunin haske na allon kwamfuta ba.

Hasumiyoyin na'urori masu ji guda biyu a gaban jirgi zane ne, ba injiniyanci ba: babu lissafin tsari da ke riƙe da firam ɗinsu a 1 g. Tauraro mai kusurwa huɗu da ke kewaye da kowace fitila yana kwaikwayon diffraction na kyamara mai sanduna huɗu kuma girmansa ɗaya ne a launuka huɗun; a ainihin kimiyyar haske ƙayoyin hasken suna girma tare da tsawon igiyar haske, kuma na shuɗi zai fito ƙarami da kimanin 30% fiye da na ja. Shuɗi yana ƙyaftawa da ƙarfi 50% fiye da sauran launuka don ya yi kama da daidai ga idanu, waɗanda ke da ƙananan na'urorin jin shuɗi.

Jirgin Borealis Horizon, allon mai ƙera jirgi, sansanin bakin teku da sashen da ke magana a rediyo ƙage ne. Borealis Dynamics ba haka take ba: ita ce kamfanin da ke bayan wannan gwaji.

Zirin labarai da muryoyin da ke bi da juna a cikinsa — Borealis, daga shugabancin manufa; Hajiya Binta, ta Hukumar Bin Ƙa'ida da Mutuncin Dukiya; Malam Musa, na Taimakon Aiki da Gaggawa — haruffan labari ne, kuma kowane ɗaya daga cikin layuka 2,415 an rubuta shi don wannan hanya. Rubuce-rubucen suna bin abin da ke faruwa a tafiyar, amma ba sa hasashen komai game da duniyar gaske kuma ba sa ambaton kowa na gaske.